Battery system, electroscope, and multimeter

Understanding the mechanics of battery:

We are given a battery, a lightbulb, and a wire. We needed to find 2 ways that will make the lightbulb light up. One of the ways is by putting 1 end of the wire to the negative end of the battery, and the other end of wire to the body sides while placing the bottom side of the lightbulb to the positive end of the battery. Another way can be by switching the position of the bulb and the wire. By placing the bulb horizontally and let the sides touch the positive end of the battery, we can light it up by placing the wire on the bottom of the bulb. Both of these position works, as long as we place the wire and battery on the conducting part of the bulb, which are the metal sides and the bottom of the bulb. When we add another battery, we can stack up the battery alternatingly, and place the wire the same way we did before, the bulb will light up brighter. This happens because of the greater energy put into the bulb from the battery.

Electroscope:

We are introduced to electroscope. This apparatus is used to see the presence of charge and the magnitude of the charge. We took an iron rod and rubbed it against pelt to accumulate charges. Then place it on the conductor. The 2 films then repell. This proves that there is a charge on the iron rod.

When we placed battery on the conductor, the 2 films did not repell because battery has 2 poles, which needs to be a closed circuit for it to work. There is only an inlet from the conductor; thus, battery would not work with this electroscope.

Understanding Battery Contents:

Energy as we knew from 4A is capacity to do work. A battery contains energy that can be used to make a bulb light up. Using 2 wires, from the positive side, we connect it to the sides of the bulb. This wire lets the positive charge flow to the bulb. The second wire brings the charge to flow from the bulb to the negative end of the battery, making it a closed circuit.

Electricity depends on height ans flow rate. The height is known as voltage, whereas the flow rate is current. 1 Voltage is equal to 1 joule/column, which relates to energy per charge in a circuit. Current is charges per time, which in units will be column/sec, which is also equal to 1 ampere, but power we know to be energy per time. By equating the voltage and current to power by their units, we found their relationship to be P=I*V

Amperemeter:

Using this apparatus, we can find the current flow of each wire. By ataching bulb to the battery as we've done couple of times, we attached 2 more wires, from the negative pole of the battery to the positive screw on the ampere, and another from positive pole of the battery to 150 screw on the ampere. We found them to be about equal to each other.

When the two wires are attached to a lightbulb and the charges flow through the wire, we wanted to know whether the current before and after it passes through the lightbulb is the same or not. We can find out using the amperemeter.

Given 1.5V, 120 mA in a closed circuit, we want to find how much power is in the system. Using the relationship of power, voltage, and current, we can multiply them to find power as below.

Drift Velocity:

We learn that we can find current flow by multiplying density, charge, drift velocity, and area perpendicular to flow. This is known as ohm's law.

We now want to find the relationship between voltage and current. By using ... We proved that Current and voltage are proportional to each other; thus, using calculus, we found the slope to be derivative of V divided by derivative of I.

Understanding of Resistance:

We learned the relationship between resistance, voltage, and current. Resistance is voltage per current. By substituting them with their units, we found the units of resistance to be kg*m/s*C(square).

We also wanted to find the relationship between resistance and length. Using multimeter, we found that the longer the rod, the higher the resistance. And the larger the diameter, the smaller the resistance. Therefore, we learned that the equation of resistance to be resistivity*length per Area.

Multimeter:

Using this apparatus, we can find multiple things, voltage, current, and resistance. We simply take an iron rod and place the connector on the rod. We then ..

Understanding Resistivity:

We qucikly learned about resistivity. Resistivity is proportional to temperature because of more collision and it's also proportional to amplitude, but it is inversely proportional to free path of electron.
We also learned about the relationship between resistance and temperature. Change in resistance is proportional to change in temperature. The equation is as shown below. Change in resistance divided by resistance initial is equals to its temperature coefficient times change in temperature.